Magnolia

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Magnolia

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Rubus Berry Plants

Magnolia

Magnolia is a large Genus of about 210 Flowering plant Species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the Family Magnoliaceae. It is named after French botanist Pierre Magnol.

Magnolia is an ancient genus. Having evolved before bees appeared, the flowers developed to encourage pollination by beetles. As a result, the carpels of Magnolia flowers are tough, to avoid damage by eating and crawling beetles. Fossilised specimens of M. acuminata have been found dating to 20 million years ago, and of Plants identifiably belonging to the Magnoliaceae dating to 95 million years ago. Another primitive aspect of Magnolias is their lack of distinct sepals or petals.

The natural range of Magnolia Species is a disjunct distribution, with a main center in east and southeast Asia and a secondary center in eastern North America, Central America, the West Indies, and some Species in South America.

Selected species

This Species list has been adapted from the one used by the Magnolia Society. It does not represent the last word on the subclassification of the genus Magnolia (see above), as a clear consensus has not yet been reached.
The list is broken down into 3 subgenera, 12 sections and 13 subsections. Each Species entry follows the following pattern:
Botanical name Naming auth. - Common name(s), if any (REGION FOUND)

Subgenus Magnolia

Anthers open by splitting at the front facing the centre of the flower. Deciduous or evergreen. Flowers produced after the leaves.

Section Magnolia

Section Gwillimia

• Subsection Gwillimia
• Subsection Blumiana

Section Talauma

• Subsection Talauma
• Subsection Dugandiodendron
• Subsection Cubenses

Section Manglietia

Section Kmeria

Section Rhytidospermum

• Subsection Rhytidospermum
• Subsection Oyama

Section Auriculata

Section Macrophylla

Subgenus Yulania

Anthers open by splitting at the sides. Deciduous. Flowers mostly produced before leaves (except M. acuminata).

Section Yulania

• Subsection Yulania
• Subsection Tulipastrum
• Section Michelia
• Subsection Michelia
• Subsection Elmerrillia
• Subsection Maingola
• Subsection Aromadendron

Subgenus Gynopodium

Section Gynopodium
Section Manglietiastrum

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Family

Rubus Berry Plants

Family

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Rubus Berry Plants

Rubus Berry Plants

Family

In biological classification, family (Latin: familia) is

* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the prefix sub-: subfamily (Latin: subfamilia).
* a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. In that case the plural is families (Latin familiae)

Example: Walnuts and hickories belong to the Juglandaceae, or walnut family.

What does and does not belong to each family is determined by a taxonomist. Similarly for the question if a particular family should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing a family. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognised only rarely.

History of the concept

Family, as a rank intermediate between order and genus, is a relatively recent invention.

The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called the seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families (familiae). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera, which is far from how the term is used today.

Carolus Linnaeus used the word familia in his Philosophia botanica (1751) to denote major groups of plants: trees, herbs, ferns, palms, and so on. He used this term only in the morphological section of the book, discussing the vegetative and generative organs of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis). In nineteenth century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family.

In zoology, the family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods).

Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, the term has been consistently used in its modern sense. Its usage and characteristic ending of the names belonging to this category are governed by the various nomenclature codes. These are "-idae" in the zoological code, and "-aceae" in the botanical and bacteriological codes.

Uses

families may be used for evolutionary and palaeontological studies because they are more stable then lower taxonomic levels such as genera and species.

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