Strawberry

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Strawberry

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Strawberry

Fragaria is a Genus of Flowering plants in the rose Family, Rosaceae, commonly known as Strawberry for their edible Fruits. Originally straw was used as a mulch in cultivating the Plants, which may have led to its name. There are more than 20 described Species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common Strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as Fragaria × ananassa. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.

Classification

There are more than 20 different Fragaria Species worldwide. Key to the classification of Strawberry Species is recognizing that they vary in the number of chromosomes. There are seven basic types of chromosomes that they all have in common. However, they exhibit different polyploidy. Some Species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total). Others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), Strawberry Species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries (Darrow).

Strawberries are not true Berries, contrary to the nomenclature. They are actually classified as an Achene indehiscent fruit.

Diploid species

* Fragaria daltoniana J.Gay (Himalayas)
* Fragaria iinumae Makino (East Russia, Japan)
* Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. ex J.Gay (South and Southeast Asia)
* Fragaria nipponica Makino (Japan)
* Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita (Himalayas)
* Fragaria vesca Coville - Woodland Strawberry (Northern Hemisphere)
* Fragaria viridis Duchesne (Europe, Central Asia)
* Fragaria yezoensis H.Hara (Northeast Asia)

Tetraploid species

* Fragaria moupinensis Cardot (China)
* Fragaria orientalis Lozinsk. - (eastern Asia, eastern Siberia)

Hexaploid species

* Fragaria moschata Duchesne - Musk Strawberry (Europe)

Octoploid species and hybrids

* Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne - Garden Strawberry
* Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. - Beach Strawberry (Western Americas)

• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma chiloensis
• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma patagonica (Argentina, Chile)
• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. lucida (E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt (coast of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. pacifica Staudt (coast of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis (Decne.) Staudt - Ohelo papa (Hawaii)

* Fragaria iturupensis Staudt - Iturup Strawberry (Iturup, Kuril Islands)
* Fragaria virginiana Mill. - Virginia Strawberry (North America)

Decaploid species and hybrids

* Fragaria × Potentilla hybrids
* Fragaria ×vescana

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Samara

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Samara

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Samara

A Samara is a type of Fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. A Samara is a simple dry fruit and indehiscent (not opening along a seam). They are winged Achenes. The shape of a Samara enables the wind to carry the Seed farther away from the parent tree:

* The seed can be in the centre of the wing, as in the elms (Genus Ulmus) and the hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata).
* The seed can be on one side, with the wing extending to the other side, making the seed autorotate as it falls, as in the maples (genus Acer) and ashes (genus Fraxinus).

A Samara is sometimes called a key and is often referred to as a whirlybird, helicopter, whirligig, polynose, or, in the north of England, a spinning jenny.

Some Species that normally produce double Samaras, such as Acer pseudoplatanus, can also produce a few multi-lobed Samaras with 3 or 4 seeds.

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Caryopsis

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Caryopsis

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Caryopsis

In botany, a Caryopsis is a type of simple dry Fruit — one that is monocarpelate (formed from a single carpel) and indehiscent (not opening at maturity) and resembles an Achene, except that in a Caryopsis the pericarp is fused with the thin seed coat.

The Caryopsis is popularly called a grain and is the fruit typical of the Family Poaceae (or Gramineae), such as wheat, rice, and corn.

The term grain is also used in a more general sense as synonymous with cereal (as in "cereal grains", which include some non-Gramineae). Considering that the fruit wall and the seed are intimately fused into a single unit, and the Caryopsis or grain is a dry fruit, little concern is given to technically separating the terms "fruit" and "Seed" in these plant structures. In many grains, the "hulls" to be separated before processing are actually flower bracts.

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Achene

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Achene

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Achene

An Achene is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not open at maturity). Achenes contain a single seed that nearly fills the pericarp, but does not adhere to it. In many Species, what we think of as the "seed" is actually an Achene, a fruit containing the seed. The seed-like appearance arises from the fact that the wall of the seed-vessel hardens and encloses the solitary seed so closely as to seem like an outer coat.

Examples

Typical Achenes are the fruits of buttercup, buckwheat, and cannabis.

The Achenes of the strawberry are familiar, where the "seeds" are Achenes. Technically, the strawberry is an aggregate fruit with an aggregate of Achenes, and what is eaten is accessory tissue, so this is an aggregate accessory fruit.

A rose also produces Achenes. Each fruit, called a rose hip holds a few Achenes.

Variations

A winged Achene, such as in maple, is called a samara.

Some Achenes have accessory hair-like structures that cause them to tumble in the wind, similar to a tumbleweed; this type sometimes is called a "tumble fruit" or diaspore. An example is Anemone virginiana.

A caryopsis or grain is a type of fruit that closely resembles an Achene, but differs in that the pericarp is fused to the thin seed coat in the grain.

A utricle is like an Achene, but it has a compound ovary, sometimes with several seeds. In addition, the ovary of the fruit becomes bladder-like or corky.

Fruits of sedges are sometimes considered Achenes although their one-locule ovary is actually a compound ovary.

The fruit of the Family Asteraceae is also so similar to an Achene that it is often considered to be one, although it derives from a compound inferior ovary (with one locule). A special term for the Asteraceae fruit is cypsela (plural cypselae or cypselas). For example, the white-gray husks of a sunflower "seed" are the walls of the cypsela fruit. Many cypselas (e.g. dandelion) have calyx tissue attached that functions in biological dispersal of the seed.

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