Hazelnut

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Hazelnut

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Hazelnut

A Hazelnut is the Nut of the hazel and is also known as a cob nut or filbert nut according to Species. A cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15–25 mm long and 10–15 mm in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding a smooth shell. A filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as it is round. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination. The kernel of the seed is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. Hazelnuts are also used for livestock feed, as are chestnuts and acorns. The Seed has a thin, dark brown skin which is sometimes removed before cooking.

Hazelnuts are produced in commercial quantities in Turkey, Italy and in the American states of Oregon and Washington. Turkey is, by far, the largest producer of hazelnuts in the world.

Hazelnuts are extensively used in confectionery to make praline and also used in combination with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as Nutella. Hazelnut oil, pressed from hazelnuts, is strongly flavoured and used as a cooking oil.

Hazelnuts are rich in protein and unsaturated fat. Moreover, they contain significant amounts of thiamine and vitamin B6, as well as smaller amounts of other B vitamins. Additionally, 1 cup (237 ml) of hazelnut flour has 20 g of carbohydrates, 12 g of which are dietary fiber.

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Peanut

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Peanut

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Peanut

The Peanut, or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), is a Species in the Legume or "bean" Family (Fabaceae). The cultivated Peanut was probably first domesticated in the valleys of Peru. It is an annual herbaceous Plant growing 30 to 50 cm (0.98 to 1.6 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite, pinnate with four leaflets (two opposite pairs, no terminal leaflet), each leaflet 1 to 7 cm (3/8 to 2 3/4 in) long and 1 to 3 cm (3/8 to 1 inch) broad. The Flowers are a typical peaflower in shape, 2 to 4 cm (¾ to 1½ in) across, yellow with reddish veining. After pollination, the Fruit develops into a legume 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in) long, containing 1 to 4 Seeds, which forces its way underground to mature. Hypogaea means "under the earth."

Peanuts are known by many other local names such as earthnuts, ground nuts, goober peas, monkey nuts, pygmy nuts and pig nuts.

History

The domesticated Peanut is an amphidiploid or allotetraploid, meaning that it has two sets of chromosomes from two different species, thought to be A. duranensis and A. ipaensis. These likely combined in the wild to form the tetraploid species A. monticola, which gave rise to the domesticated Peanut. This domestication might have taken place in Paraguay or Bolivia, where the wildest strains grow today. In fact, many pre-Columbian cultures, such as the Moche, depicted Peanuts in their art.

Archeologists have (thus far) dated the oldest specimens to about 7,600 years found in Peru. Cultivation spread as far as Mesoamerica where the Spanish conquistadors found the tlalcacahuatl (Nahuatl = 'Peanut' whence Mexican Spanish, cacahuate and French, cacahuete) being offered for sale in the marketplace of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). The plant was later spread worldwide by European traders.

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Walnut

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Walnut

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Walnut

Walnut (Genus Juglans) are Plants in the Juglandaceae Family . They are deciduous trees, 10–40 meters tall (about 30–130 ft), with pinnate leaves 200–900 millimetres long (7–35 in), with 5–25 leaflets; the shoots have chambered pith, a character shared with the wingnuts (Pterocarya), but not the hickories (Carya) in the same family.

The 21 Species in the genus range across the north temperate Old World from southeast Europe east to Japan, and more widely in the New World from southeast Canada west to California and south to Argentina.

Taxonomy

The genus Juglans is divided into four sections.

Sections and species

* Sect. Cardiocaryon. Leaves very large (40–90 cm) with 11–19 broad leaflets, softly downy, margins serrated. Wood soft. Fruits borne in racemes of up to 20. Nuts have thick shells. Northeast Asia.

• J. ailantifolia Carr. (J. cordiformis Maxim., J. sieboldiana Maxim.)-Japanese Walnut
  
  • J. ailantifolia var. cordiformis-Heartnut
  
  
• J. mandshurica Maxim. (J. cathayensis Dode, J. formosana Hayata, J. hopeiensis Dode, J. stenocarpa Maxim.)-Manchurian Walnut or Chinese Walnut.

* Sect. Juglans. Leaves large (20–45 cm) with 5–9 broad leaflets, hairless, margins entire. Wood hard. Southeast Europe to central Asia.

• J. regia L. (J. duclouxiana Dode, J. fallax Dode, J. orientis Dode)-common Walnut, Persian, English, or Carpathian Walnut
• J. sigillata Dode-Iron Walnut (doubtfully distinct from J. regia)

* Sect. Rhysocaryon. (The black Walnuts) Leaves large (20–50 cm) with 11–23 slender leaflets, finely pubescent, margins serrated. Wood hard. North America, South America.

• J. australis Griseb. (J. brasiliensis Dode)-Argentine Walnut, Brazilian Walnut
• J. boliviana (C. DC.) Dode-Bolivian Walnut, Peruvian Walnut
• J. californica S.Wats.-California Black Walnut
• J. hindsii (Jepson) R.E.Smith-Hinds' Black Walnut
• J. hirsuta Manning-Nuevo Leon Walnut
• J. jamaicensis C.DC. (J. insularis Griseb.)-West Indies Walnut
• J. major (Torrey) Heller (J. arizonica Dode, J. elaeopyron Dode, J. torreyi Dode)-Arizona Black Walnut
  
  • J. major var. glabrata Manning
• J. microcarpa Berlandier (J. rupestris Engelm.)-Texas Walnut or Little Black Walnut
  
  • J. microcarpa var. microcarpa
  • J. microcarpa var. stewartii (Johnston) Manning
• J. mollis Engelm.-Mexican Walnut
• J. neotropica Diels (J. honorei Dode)-Andean Walnut, Cedro Negro , Cedro Nogal , Nogal , Nogal Bogotano
• J. nigra L.-Eastern Black Walnut
• J. olanchana Standl. & L.O.Williams-Cedro Negro, Nogal, Walnut
  
  • J. olanchana var. olanchana
  • J. olanchana var. standleyi
• J. peruviana Dode-Peruvian Walnut
• J. soratensis Manning
• J. steyermarkii Manning-Guatemalan Walnut
• J. venezuelensis Manning-Venezuela Walnut

* Sect. Trachycaryon. Leaves very large (40–90 cm) with 11–19 broad leaflets, softly downy, margins serrated. Wood soft. Fruits borne in clusters of 2-3. Nuts have a thick, rough shell bearing distinct, sharp ridges. Eastern North America.

• J. cinerea L.-Butternut

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Brazil Nut

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Brazil Nut

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Brazil Nut

The Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is a South American tree in the Family Lecythidaceae, and also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible Seed.

The Brazil Nut family is in the order Ericales, as are other well known Plants such as: blueberries, cranberries, sapote, gutta-percha, tea, kiwi Fruit, phlox, and persimmons.

The Brazil Nut tree is the only Species in the monotypic type Genus Bertholletia. It is native to the Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Colombia, eastern Peru and eastern Bolivia. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the Amazon, Rio Negro, Tapajós, and the Orinoco. The genus is named after the French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet.

The Brazil Nut is a large tree, reaching 30–45 metres (100–150 ft) tall and 1–2 metres (3–6.5 ft) trunk diameter, among the largest of trees in the Amazon Rainforests. It may live for 500 years or more, and according to some authorities often reaches an age of 1,000 years. The stem is straight and commonly unbranched for well over half the tree's height, with a large emergent crown of long branches above the surrounding canopy of other trees. The bark is grayish and smooth. The leaves are dry-season deciduous, alternate, simple, entire or crenate, oblong, 20–35 centimetre long and 10–15 centimetres broad. The flowers are small, greenish-white, in panicles 5–10 centimetres long; each Flower has a two-parted, deciduous calyx, six unequal cream-colored petals, and numerous stamens united into a broad, hood-shaped mass.

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Nut

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Nut

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Nut

A Nut is a hard-shelled Fruit of some Plants having an indehiscent Seed. While a wide variety of dried Seeds and Fruits are called nuts in English, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be true nuts. Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife.

Nuts are a composite of the seed and the fruit, where the fruit does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are free of the fruit, unlike nuts like hazelnuts, hickories, chestnuts and acorns, which have a stony fruit wall and originate from a compound ovary. Culinary usage of the term is less restrictive, and some nuts as defined in food preparation, like pistachios and Brazil nuts, are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday common usage of the term often refers to any hard walled, edible kernel, as a nut.

Botanical definition

A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed (rarely two) in which the ovary wall becomes very hard (stony or woody) at maturity, and where the seed remains attached or fused with the ovary wall. Most nuts come from the pistils with inferior ovaries (see flower) and all are indehiscent (not opening at maturity). True nuts are produced, for example, by some plant Families of the order Fagales.

Order Fagales

Family Fagaceae

• o Beech (Fagus)


• o Chestnut (Castanea)


• o Oak (Quercus)


• o Stone-oak, Tanoak (Lithocarpus)

Family Betulaceae

• o Alder (Alnus)


• o Hazel, Filbert (Corylus)


• o Hornbeam

Culinary definition and uses

A nut in cuisine is a much less restrictive category than a nut in botany, as the term is applied to many seeds that are not botanically true nuts. Any large, oily kernel found within a shell and used in food may be regarded as a nut.

Because nuts generally have a high oil content, they are a highly prized food and energy source. A large number of seeds are edible by humans and used in cooking, eaten raw, sprouted, or roasted as a snack food, or pressed for oil that is used in cookery and cosmetics. Nuts (or seeds generally) are also a significant source of nutrition for wildlife. This is particularly true in temperate climates where animals such as jays and squirrels store acorns and other nuts during the autumn to keep them from starving during the late autumn, all of winter, and early spring.

Nuts used for food, whether true nut or not, are among the most common food allergens.

Some fruits and seeds that do not meet the botanical definition but are nuts in the culinary sense:

* Almonds, Pecans and Walnuts are the edible seeds of drupe fruits — the leathery "flesh" is removed at harvest.
* Brazil nut is the seed from a capsule.
* Candlenut (used for oil) is a seed.
* Cashew nut is a seed.
* Gevuinanut
* Horse-chestnut is an inedible capsule.
* Macadamia nut is a creamy white kernel (Macadamia integrifolia).
* Malabar chestnut
* Mongongo
* Peanut is a legume.
* Pine nut is the seed of several Species of pine (coniferous trees).
* Pistachio nut is the seed of a thin-shelled drupe.

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