Sweetgum

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Sweetgum

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Rubus Berry Plants

Rubus Berry Plants

Sweetgum

Sweetgum (Liquidambar) is a Genus of four Species of Flowering plants in the Family Altingiaceae, though formerly often treated in the Hamamelidaceae. They are all large, deciduous trees, 25–40 m tall, with palmately 5- to 7-lobed leaves arranged spirally on the stems and length of 12.5 to 20 cm, having a pleasant aroma when crushed. Mature bark is grayish and vertically grooved. The flowers are small, produced in a dense globular inflorescence 1–2 cm diameter, pendulous on a 3–7 cm stem. The Fruit is a woody multiple Capsule 2–4 cm diameter (popularly called a "gumball"), containing numerous Seeds and covered in numerous prickly, woody armatures, possibly to attach to fur of animals. The woody biomass is classified as hardwood. In more northerly climates, Sweetgum is among the last of trees to leaf out in the spring, and also among the last of trees to drop its leaves in the fall, turning multiple colors.

Species

* Liquidambar acalycina - Chang's Sweetgum (central & southern China)
* Liquidambar formosana - Chinese Sweetgum or Formosan Sweetgum (central & southern China, southern Korea, Taiwan, Laos, northern Vietnam).
* Liquidambar orientalis - Oriental Sweetgum or Turkish Sweetgum (southwest Turkey, Greece: Rhodes).
* Liquidambar styraciflua - American Sweetgum (eastern North America from New York to Texas and also eastern Mexico to Honduras).

The Genus was much more widespread in the Tertiary, but has disappeared from Europe due to extensive glaciation in the north and the Alps, which has served as a blockade against southward migration. It has also disappeared from western North America due to climate change, and also from the unglaciated (but nowadays too cold) Russian Far East. There are several fossil species of Liquidambar, showing its relict status today.

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Berry

Rubus Berry Plants

Berry

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Rubus Berry Plants

Rubus Berry Plants

Berry

The botanical definition of a Berry is a fleshy Fruit produced from a single Ovary. Grapes are an example. The Berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire Ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. They may have one or more carpels with a thin covering and fleshy interiors. The Seeds are usually embedded in the flesh of the Ovary. A plant that bears berries is said to be bacciferous. Many Species of Plants produce fruit that are similar to Berries but not actually Berries, and these are said to be baccate.

In everyday English, "Berry" is a term for any small edible fruit. These "Berries" are usually juicy, round or semi-oblong, brightly coloured, sweet or sour, and don't have a stone or pit, although many seeds may be present.

Many Berries, such as the Tomato, are edible, but others in the same Family, such as the fruits of the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and the fruits of the Potato (Solanum tuberosum) are poisonous to humans. Some Berries such as Capsicum have space rather than pulp around their seeds.

Botanical berries

In botanical language, a Berry is a simple fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single Ovary; the Ovary can be inferior or superior.

Examples of botanical Berries include:

* Bearberry (Arctostaphylos spp.)
* Barberry (Berberis; Berberidaceae)
* Crowberry (Empetrum spp.)
* Currant (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae), red, black, and white types
* Elderberry (Sambucus niger; Caprifoliaceae)
* Gooseberry (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae)
* Grape, Vitis vinifera
* Honeysuckle: the Berries of some Species are edible and are called honeyberries, but others are poisonous (Lonicera spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
* Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea
* Mayapple (Podophyllum spp.; Berberidaceae)
* Nannyberry or sheepberry (Viburnum spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
* Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium; Berberidaceae)
* Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo), not to be confused with the actual strawberry (Fragaria)
* Tomato and other Species of the Family Solanaceae
* Banana
* Cranberry
* Watermelon
* Pumpkin

Modified berries

The fruit of citrus, such as the orange, kumquat and lemon, is a Berry with a thick rind and a very juicy interior that is given the special name hesperidium.

Berries which develop from an inferior Ovary are sometimes termed epigynous Berries or false Berries, as opposed to true Berries which develop from a superior Ovary. In so-called epigynous Berries, the Berry includes tissue derived from parts of the flower besides the Ovary. The floral tube, formed from the basal part of the sepals, petals and stamens can become fleshy at maturity and is united with the Ovary to form the fruit. Common fruits that are sometimes classified as epigynous Berries include bananas, members of the Genus Vaccinium (e.g., cranberries and blueberries), and members of the Cucurbitaceae Family (e.g., cucumbers, melons and squash).

Another specialized term is also for Cucurbitaceae fruits, which are modified to have a hard outer rind. Berries with a hard outer rind are given the special name of pepo. While pepos are most common in the Cucurbitaceae, the fruits of Passiflora and Carica are sometimes also considered pepos.

Not a botanical berry

Many fruits commonly referred to as Berries are not actual Berries by the scientific definition, but fall into one of these categories:

Drupes

Drupes are fleshy fruits produced from a (usually) single-seeded Ovary with a hard stony layer (called the endocarp) surrounding the Seed.

* Plum
* Peach
* Hackberry (Celtis spp.; Cannabaceae)

Other drupe-like fruits with a single seed, that lack the stony endocarp include:

* Avocado (Persea americana)
* Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides; Elaeagnaceae) A single seed inside a fleshy fruit

Pomes

The pome Pyrinae of Family Rosaceae, such as apples and pears, have a structure (the core) that clearly separates the seeds from the Ovary tissue. However, some of the smaller pomes are sometimes referred to as Berries. Bright red haws from Crataegus are sometimes called hawberries. Amelanchier pomes become so soft at maturity that they resemble a blueberry and are known as Juneberries or Saskatoon berries.

Compound fruits

Compound fruits are groups or aggregates of multiple parts, and include:

* Aggregate fruits, which contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower. Examples include blackberry, Raspberry, and bayberry.
* Multiple fruits, include the fruits of multiple flowers, that are merged or packed closely together. The mulberry is a berry-like example of a multiple fruit; it develops from a cluster of tiny separate flowers that become compressed as they develop into fruit.

Accessory fruits

In accessory fruits, the edible part is not generated by the Ovary. Berry-like examples include:

* Strawberry - the aggregate of seed-like Achenes is actually the "fruit", derived from an aggregate of ovaries, and the fleshy part develops from the receptacle.
* Gurbir, Duchesnea indica - structured just like a strawberry
* Sea Grape (Coccoloba uvifera; Polygonaceae) - the fruit is a dry Capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx
* Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) - the fruit is a dry capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx

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Silique

Rubus Berry Plants

Silique

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Silique

A Silique or siliqua (plural Siliques or siliquae) is a Fruit (seed Capsule) of 2 fused carpels with the length being more than twice the width. The outer walls of the ovary (the valves) usually separate when ripe, leaving a persistent partition (the replum). This classification includes many members of the Brassicaceae Family, but some Species have a shorter fruit of similar structure, in which case the fruit is called silicle. Some Species that are closely related to Plants with true Siliques have fruits with a similar structure that do not open when ripe; these are usually called indehiscent Siliques (compare dehiscence).

siliqua is a Genus of saltwater razor clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Cultellidae, the razor clams and jackknife clams.

Species

The following Species of Siliqua genus are described:

* Siliqua albida (Adams et Reeve, 1850)
* Siliqua alta (Broderip et Sowerby, 1829) – northern or Arctic razor clam
* Siliqua costata (Say, 1822) – Atlantic razor clam
* Siliqua fasciata (Spengler, 1794)
* Siliqua grayana (Dunker, 1862)
* Siliqua minima (Gmelin, 1791)
* Siliqua patula – Pacific razor clam[citation needed]
* Siliqua polita
* Siliqua pulchella Dunker, 1852
* Siliqua radiata (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Siliqua rostrata (Dunker, 1862)
* Siliqua sloati

Radish

The radish (Raphanus sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman times. They are grown and consumed throughout the world. Radishes have numerous varieties, varying in size, color and duration of required cultivation time. There are some radishes that are grown for their seeds; oilseed radishes are grown, as the name implies, for oil production.

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Schizocarp

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Schizocarp

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Schizocarp

A Schizocarp is a dry Fruit that develops from multiple carpels. When mature it splits up into mericarps. Mericarps are often 1-seeded as in, for example, Malva, Malvastrum, and Sida. In others, for example, in Abutilon, the mericarps have two or more seeds.

The mericarp is either:

* Dehiscent (splits open to release the Seed), for example members of the Genus Geranium. This is similar to what happens with a Capsule, but with an extra stage.
* Indehiscent (remaining closed), such as in the carrot or in members of the genus Malva.

In Abutilon, the mericarp is sometimes only partially dehiscent and does not release the seed.

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Capsule

Rubus Berry Plants

Capsule

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Capsule

In botany a Capsule is a type of simple, dry Fruit produced by many Species of Flowering plants. A Capsule is a structure composed of two or more carpels that in most cases is dehiscent, i.e. at maturity, it splits apart (dehisces) to release the Seeds within. A few Capsules are indehiscent, for example those of Adansonia digitata, Alphitonia, and Merciera. In some Capsules, the split occurs between carpels, and in others each carpel splits open. In yet others, seeds are released through openings or pores that form in the Capsules.

If it is the upper part of the Capsule that dehisces, the Capsule is also called a pyxis. For example, in the Brazil nut, a lid on the Capsule opens, but is too small to release the dozen or so seeds (the actual "Brazil nut" of commerce) within. These germinate inside the Capsule after it falls to the ground.

Capsules are sometimes mislabeled as nuts, as in the example of the Brazil nut or the Horse-chestnut. A Capsule is not a nut because it releases its seeds and it splits apart. Nuts on the other hand do not release seeds as they are a compound ovary containing both a single seeds and the Fruit. Nuts also do not split.

Examples of Plants that produce Capsules are nigella, poppy, lily, orchid, willow, cotton, and jimson weed.

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